![]() Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Atrioventricular nodal activation during periodic premature stimulation of the atrium. Transmembrane potentials of single fibres of the atrio-ventricular node. Structure–function relationship in the AV junction. Spread of activity through the atrioventricular node. The operator of the atrioventricular node. The sucrose gap preparation as a model of AV nodal transmission: are dual pathways necessary for reciprocation and AV nodal “echoes”? Pacing Clin. Sinoatrial conduction in children: an index of sinoatrial node function. The relationship between sinoatrial conduction time and sinus cycle length during spontaneous sinus arrhythmia in adults. A modified approach for programmed electrical stimulation in mice: inducibility of ventricular arrhythmias. The strength–duration curve and its importance in pacing efficiency: a study of 325 pacing leads in 229 patients. Cardiac conduction abnormalities in mice lacking the gap junction protein connexin40. ![]() Cardiac electrophysiology in mice: a matter of size. Conduction disturbances and increased atrial vulnerability in Connexin40-deficient mice analyzed by transesophageal stimulation. Comprehensive multilevel in vivo and in vitro analysis of heart rate fluctuations in mice by ECG telemetry and electrophysiology. cAMP-dependent regulation of HCN4 controls the tonic entrainment process in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. Sick sinus syndrome in HCN1-deficient mice. Invasive cardiac electrophysiology in the mouse: techniques and applications. Electrophysiologic effects of disopyramide phosphate on sinus node function in patients with sinus node dysfunction. Presentation of data and critical review of the literature. Premature atrial stimulation as a key to the understanding of sinoatrial conduction in man. The relationship between atrioventricular nodal refractoriness and the functional refractory period in the dog. Functional refractory period of cardiac tissues. Significance of the sinus-node recovery time. Programmed electrical stimulation in mice. In vivo cardiac electrophysiology studies in the mouse. Electrophysiological phenotyping in genetically engineered mice. The technique yields highly reliable results and can be used for phenotyping of cardiac disease models, elucidating disease mechanisms and confirming functional improvements in gene therapy approaches as well as for drug and toxicity testing.īerul, C. Data acquisition for in vivo and ex vivo electrophysiological study takes ~1 h per mouse, depending on the number of stimulation protocols applied during the procedure. In addition, we describe a heart preparation with intact innervation by the vagus nerve that can be used as an ex vivo model for vagal control of the cardiac conduction system. We include details of ex vivo electrophysiological study, which provides detailed insights into intrinsic cardiac electrophysiology without external influences from humoral and neural factors. This protocol describes specific procedures for determining these parameters that were adapted from analogous human protocols for use in mice. Furthermore, the use of programmed electrical stimulation enables determination of parameters such as sinoatrial conduction time, sinus node recovery time, atrioventricular-nodal conduction properties, Wenckebach periodicity, refractory periods and arrhythmia vulnerability. It is indispensable for acquiring intracardiac electrocardiogram recordings and determining baseline cardiac cycle intervals. In vivo electrophysiological study in mice is similar to that performed in humans. The mouse is a common and cost-effective animal model for basic research, and the number of genetically engineered mouse models with cardiac phenotype is increasing.
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